Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unequal requirement of KAI2 for AM symbiosis across angiosperms

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722480

Figure Lengend Snippet: Karrikin receptor mutants in legumes show a quantitative reduction of root length colonization. Percent total root length colonization (RLC) by Rhizophagus irregularis of (a) L. japonicus strigolactone and karrikin perception mutants grown in sand-vermiculite open pot cultures for 42 dpi. N plants = 8-10 ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05, F 5/54 =5.862; (b) L. japonicus wild type and kai2a,b mutants growing transgenic (transformed) and non-transgenic (non-transformed) roots after Agrobacterium rhizogenes -mediated transformation with empty vector (EV) or pKAI2b:KAI2b-Myc grown in competition in the same sand and closed plant tissue culture containers (PTC) for 21 days post inoculation. ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05, F 5/22 = 8.528. (c) L. japonicus wild type and max2-4 plants producing transgenic and non-transgenic roots after transformation with an EV or pMAX2:MAX2 expression cassette and grown in sand vermiculite open pot cultures for 42 dpi. N plants = 6-8, ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05, F 3/20 = 8.87; (d-e) Pisum sativum wild type and kai2 single and double mutants grown in sand vermiculite open pot cultures for (d) 40 and (e) 50 dpi. N plants = 6-8, ANOVA, Tukey, p <0.05, F 3/84 =8.17; (f) Nicotiana benthamiana wild-type and kai2a,b,c,d quadruple mutants grown in sand vermiculite open pot cultures for 35 dpi. N plants = 7-8 Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn test, p < 0.05. For figures (a), (d), (e), (f), bold horizontal lines represent median value; lower and upper whisker indicate quartile 1 and quartile 4. Lower and upper horizontal lines indicate minima and maxima. For figures (b) and (c), black dot indicates mean value, whiskers error bars indicate standard deviation of the mean. In all graphs, different letters indicate different statistical groups. All experiments were repeated at least 2 times with similar results.

Article Snippet: Experiments in PTC containers (Duchefa, Netherlands) were performed as previously described in ( Torabi et al ., 2021 ).

Techniques: Transgenic Assay, Transformation Assay, Plasmid Preparation, Expressing, Whisker Assay, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unequal requirement of KAI2 for AM symbiosis across angiosperms

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722480

Figure Lengend Snippet: L. japonicus and B. distachyon exhibit distinct transcriptional responses after treatment with fungal signals. (a-b) Venn diagrams showing numbers of differentially expressed genes (padj < 0.05) in roots after a 6-hour treatment with CO4 or GSE across the indicated genotypes in (a) L. japonicus or (b) B. distachyon grown in closed PTC-containers for 3 weeks before treatment. (c-d) K-means clustered (k = 5 for both species) heatmaps visualizing Log 2 FC of genes in (a) or (b) for CO4 or GSE over mock treatment in wild type (WT) or kai2 mutant roots, or in kai2 mutant over WT under mock conditions for (c) L. japonicus or (d) B. distachyon roots. (e) Venn diagram comparing genes differentially expressed upon CO4 treatment in L. japonicus WT or kai2a,b (this work), and in smax1 compared to WT roots in mock conditions (from Das et al . 2025 ). Relative expression (to LjEF1α ) of (f) the AM symbiosis marker gene LjPT4, (g) LjCCaMK , and (h) LjDLK2 in roots of L. japonicus WT or kai2a,b , at 1 or 3 wpi without (mock) or with spores of R. irregularis (AM). Asterisks indicate statistically significant differences. N samples = 6, 2 root systems per sample, 3-way ANOVA, estimated marginal means contrast for AM treatment, * - p<0.05; ** - p<0.01, *** - p< 0.001. F-value for treatment:harvest interaction; f) F 1/40 = 31.997, g) F 1/40 = 8.709, h) F 1/40 = 0.008. Black dots represent mean values, bars represent standard deviation of the mean.

Article Snippet: Experiments in PTC containers (Duchefa, Netherlands) were performed as previously described in ( Torabi et al ., 2021 ).

Techniques: Mutagenesis, Expressing, Marker, Standard Deviation

Journal: bioRxiv

Article Title: Unequal requirement of KAI2 for AM symbiosis across angiosperms

doi: 10.64898/2026.05.03.722480

Figure Lengend Snippet: The KAI2-SMAX1 module affects fungal spread in roots of Lotus japonicus . Percent total root length colonization (RLC) by R. irregularis of the indicated genotypes of L. japonicus grown in sand PTC containers, (a) at 28 dpi, (N plants = 6, ANOVA, Tukey, p<0.05, F 6/35 = 16.86); (b) at 21, 28, 35 and 42 dpi (N plants = 8, ANOVA, tukey, F 2/21 (21 dpi, 28 dpi, 35 dpi, 42 dpi) = 138.6; 80.97; 119.7; 151.5). Different letters indicate different statistical groups. (c) Number of colonization units, (N plants = 16-18, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn posthoc test, p<0.05, chi-squared = 10.065, df = 2; and (d) average length of colonization units (CU) per plant (N plants = 16-18, Kruskal-Wallis test, with Dunn posthoc test, p<0.05, chi-squared = 12.154, df = 2); in L. japonicus wild-type, kai2a,b and smax1 roots grown in sand:clay beads (2:1) after 19 dpi with R. irregularis . Experiments in C-D were repeated twice with similar results. Bold horizontal lines represent the median; lower and upper whisker indicate quartile 1 and 4. Lower and upper horizontal lines indicate minima and maxima. Different letters indicate different statistical groups. (e) Bright-field microscopy images of WT, kai2a,b or smax1 roots colonized with R. irregularis at 3 wpi with examples of compressed CUs in kai2a,b , and elongated hyphae with low arbuscule density in smax1 CUs. The fungus was stained with acid ink. Scale bars, 500 µM.

Article Snippet: Experiments in PTC containers (Duchefa, Netherlands) were performed as previously described in ( Torabi et al ., 2021 ).

Techniques: Whisker Assay, Microscopy, Staining

Journal: Translational Cancer Research

Article Title: Identification of papillary thyroid carcinoma-associated epithelial cell subpopulations and diagnostic biomarkers: integrating machine learning with single-cell analysis

doi: 10.21037/tcr-2025-aw-2244

Figure Lengend Snippet: qRT-PCR validation of hub gene expression in PTC and normal thyroid cells. (A) Relative mRNA expression levels of XPR1 in BCPAP and NC cells, showing significant upregulation in BCPAP. (B) Relative mRNA expression levels of SH3RF1 in BCPAP and NC cells, demonstrating marked downregulation in BCPAP. (C) Relative mRNA expression levels of TLE1 in BCPAP and NC cells, indicating significant downregulation in BCPAP. ***, P<0.001. BCPAP, papillary thyroid carcinoma cell line; GAPDH, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; mRNA, messenger RNA; NC, normal thyroid epithelial cell; PTC, papillary thyroid carcinoma; qRT-PCR, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Article Snippet: The PTC cell line (BCPAP) and normal thyroid epithelial cells (NC) were purchased from Procell Life Science & Technology Co., Ltd. (Wuhan, China).

Techniques: Quantitative RT-PCR, Biomarker Discovery, Gene Expression, Expressing, Real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction